Comparative efficacy of conventional and nano-formulations of silica and chitosan against Fusarium oxysporum causing wilt in pea (Pisum sativum)

Abstract

The findings of this study demonstrate that Si-NPs and Cs-NPs provide superior protection against F. oxysporum-induced wilt in pea plants compared to their conventional counterparts. Their enhanced performance is attributed to a dual mode of action-direct antifungal activity and the stimulation of plant defense responses. These results underscore the potential of Si-NPs and Cs-NPs as promising, eco-sustainable alternatives to synthetic fungicides for integrated disease management in legumes. Future studies should focus on evaluating their long-term field efficacy, formulation stability, and environmental safety to facilitate large-scale agricultural applications.