Comparative analysis of indigenous and improved small ruminant management techniques among rural households in Iwo Agricultural Zone, Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract

The study examined the socio-economic characteristics and management practices of small ruminant farmers in the Iwo Agricultural Zone, Osun State, Nigeria, to compare indigenous and improved techniques. Data were collected from rural households actively engaged in small ruminant production. The majority of respondents were middle-aged (49-58 years, 54.17%) with an average age of 52.33 years, predominantly married (84.17%) and having a moderate educational background (mean formal education of 9.60 years). Household sizes averaged five members, and small ruminant farming emerged as the primary occupation for 30.83% of respondents, highlighting its critical role in local livelihoods. The income levels were generally low, averaging ₦58,088.33 monthly, which may limit investment in improved practices. Most respondents raised goats or a combination of goats and sheep, relying heavily on indigenous management practices (62.50%), while only 5% exclusively adopted improved techniques. Indigenous practices primarily involved uncontrolled mating and regular veterinary checks, whereas improved methods emphasized extensive grazing and strategic breeding management. Feeding management showed reliance on traditional routines such as feeding animals three times daily, but improved practices prioritized consistent access to fresh water and colostrum for newborns. Housing practices predominantly depended on natural ventilation and open shade, with limited use of protective measures like fencing. Health management revealed widespread use of medications for parasites and veterinary care, with improved farmers emphasizing professional treatment and vaccination. The study identified mange, diarrhea, and tick infestations as the most prevalent diseases impacting productivity. Constraints to production included limited capital, high feed costs, theft, and poor access to veterinary services. Adoption analysis revealed that 65.5% of farmers moderately adopted improved practices, while 21.67% showed low adoption. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated significant positive relationships between adoption levels and age (r=0.87, p=0.008), education (r=0.76, p=0.006), and experience (r=0.68, p=0.000). Findings suggest that while indigenous knowledge remains vital, there is a need to enhance adoption of improved techniques through targeted education, credit access, and veterinary support to boost productivity and sustainability in small ruminant production in the study area.