article · Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Tin halide perovskites offer low toxicity and strong optoelectronic characteristics, but their rapid and poorly controlled crystallisation kinetics typically cause significant film defects and irregular morphology. To resolve this challenge, a colloidal zeta potential modulation method based on classical colloidal theory was developed to regulate crystallisation behaviour. Introducing 3-aminopyrrolidine dihydro iodate into the precursor solution alters the zeta potential of the colloids. This adjustment decreases the total interaction potential energy between colloidal particles, increasing coagulation probability and reducing the critical nuclei concentration. In situ laser light scattering measurements verified that the additive accelerates nucleation rates. Consequently, the resulting tin halide perovskite films display a pinhole-free morphology with reduced defects, attaining a photovoltaic power conversion efficiency of 15.13 percent.
Lead-free alternatives are vital for developing non-toxic, environmentally benign perovskite solar cells. Tin-based materials are promising but traditionally suffer from poor film quality due to rapid crystallisation. Providing a chemical mechanism to systematically control crystal formation allows researchers to produce uniform, defect-free semiconductor layers, clearing a major hurdle toward viable non-toxic thin-film photovoltaics.
This work directly targets photovoltaic device manufacturers and solar technology developers seeking non-toxic alternatives to lead-based cells. Because the method is demonstrated through laboratory-scale precursor formulation and device efficiency testing reaching 15.13 percent, it sits at an early stage of research. Moving toward commercial use would require scaling the solution-processing technique to larger module areas and confirming long-term operational stability.
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Tin halide perovskites (THPs) have demonstrated exceptional potential for various applications owing to their low toxicity and excellent optoelectronic properties. However, the crystallization kinetics of THPs are less controllable than its lead counterpart because of the higher Lewis acidity of Sn<sup>2+</sup>, leading to THP films with poor morphology and rampant defects. Here, a colloidal zeta potential modulation approach is developed to improve the crystallization kinetics of THP films inspired by the classical Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. After adding 3-aminopyrrolidine dihydro iodate (APDI<sub>2</sub>) in the precursor solution to change the zeta potential of the pristine colloids, the total interaction potential energy between colloidal particles with APDI<sub>2</sub> could be controllably reduced, resulting in a higher coagulation probability and a lower critical nuclei concentration. In situ laser light scattering measurements confirmed the increased nucleation rate of the THP colloids with APDI<sub>2</sub>. The resulting film with APDI<sub>2</sub> shows a pinhole-free morphology with fewer defects, achieving an impressive efficiency of 15.13 %.
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DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317794
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