article · Frontiers in Public Health
Cholera remains an ongoing public health challenge in Nigeria, especially across communities lacking safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. Outbreak records dating back to 1970 illustrate its endemic nature, marked by notable epidemics in 1991, 1999, 2010, 2018, and 2024. Historical records show severe impacts, including nearly sixty thousand cases in 1991 with a 12.9 percent case fatality ratio, and over forty-one thousand cases in 2010 disproportionately affecting impoverished areas and children. Although case fatality ratios have generally declined in later events such as the 2018 and mid-2024 outbreaks, geographic spread remains broad, reaching dozens of states. Addressing this persistent disease burden requires substantial policy interventions. Necessary measures include upgrading water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure, strengthening disease surveillance, implementing rapid response systems, deploying case-area targeted interventions, and expanding public health education to reduce cholera mortality significantly by 2030.
Cholera causes severe dehydration and rapid death if left untreated, repeatedly threatening vulnerable populations in regions without secure sanitation. Examining historical outbreak data and tracking fatality rates helps health authorities recognise persistent systemic vulnerabilities. Implementing targeted community interventions, rapid response mechanisms, and improved infrastructure is vital to curbing recurring transmission cycles and achieving international targets to reduce cholera deaths by 90 percent by 2030.
The abstract does not describe a commercial product or technical invention, focusing instead on public health policy and operational strategies. Potential applied beneficiaries are public health agencies and non-governmental organisations implementing case-area targeted interventions, disease surveillance protocols, and water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure. These methods represent applied operational frameworks and public health interventions rather than commercial products ready for market deployment.
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Cholera, an acute diarrheal infection from ingesting contaminated food or water, remains a significant public health threat in Nigeria, especially in areas lacking safe water and sanitation. Characterized by severe watery diarrhea, cholera can cause dehydration and death if untreated. Historical data shows cholera's endemic nature in Nigeria, with notable outbreaks since 1970, including major ones in 1991, 1999, 2010, 2018, and 2024. According to a descriptive study in Nigeria, the 1991 outbreak reported 59,478 cases and 7,654 deaths, with a Case Fatality Ratio (CFR) of 12.9%. In 2010, there were 41,787 cases and 1,716 deaths, with a CFR of 4.1% across 18 states, mainly affecting impoverished communities and children. The 2018 outbreak had 43,996 cases and 836 deaths, with a CFR of 2% in 20 states, a 240% increase from 2017. By mid-2024, there were 1,579 suspected cases and 54 deaths (CFR 3.4%) in 32 states. This paper evaluates cholera trends in Nigeria and proposes effective preventive and treatment strategies. Policy recommendations highlight the need for improved WASH infrastructure, enhanced surveillance, and rapid response mechanisms. Innovative approaches like case-area targeted interventions (CATI) and increased public health education are crucial for mitigating future outbreaks and achieving the goal of reducing cholera deaths by 90% by 2030.
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DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1464361
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