Chitosan–Sulfonic Acid-Catalyzed Green Synthesis of Naphthalene-Based Azines as Potential Anticancer Agents

Abstract

<b>Aim:</b> This study focuses on advancing green chemistry in anticancer drug discovery, particularly through the synthesis of azine derivatives with a naphthalene core using CS-SO₃H as a catalyst. <b>Methods:</b> Novel benzaldazine and ketazine derivatives were synthesized using (<i>E</i>)-(naphthalen-1-ylmethylene)hydrazine and various carbonyl compounds. The methods employed included thermal and grinding techniques, utilizing CS-SO₃H as an eco-friendly and cost-effective catalyst. <b>Results:</b> The approach resulted in high yields, short reaction times and demonstrated catalyst reusability. Cytotoxicity tests highlighted compounds <b>3b, 11</b> and <b>13</b> as potent against the HEPG2-1. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study successfully aligns with the objectives of eco-conscious drug development in organic chemistry. Molecular docking and <i>in silico</i> studies further indicate the potential of these ligands as antitumor medicines, with favorable oral bioavailability properties.