Characterization and neutralizing potential of plasma-derived immunoglobulins in hepatitis C virus patients in Auchi, Nigeria: Implications for passive immunization

Abstract

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection poses a substantial public health concern in Nigeria, with prevalence estimates of 1-2% in the general population. While direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy is the standard treatment, passive immunization utilizing plasma-derived medicinal immunoglobulins emerges as a potential adjunctive or alternative approach. However, the distribution and therapeutic potential of these immunoglobulins, particularly in Nigeria, still need to be studied. Aim: This study aimed to assess the pattern of plasma-derived medicinal immunoglobulins in HCV-infected patients in Auchi, Nigeria, and evaluate their suitability for passive immunization. Methods: Immunoglobulin subtypes, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE, were isolated and quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). HCV-specific antibodies within each subtype were identified, and neutralization assays were conducted to assess their capacity to neutralize HCV particles. Results: The study revealed a predominance of IgG antibodies (100%), with a mean titer of 1:8,000 against HCV-specific antigens, suggesting robust humoral immune responses. Additionally, IgM (90.7%) and IgA (69.3%) antibodies were prevalent, with moderate neutralizing capacities observed. IgG antibodies demonstrated the highest neutralization capacity (mean: 80%), supporting their potential for passive immunization. Conclusion: These findings underscore the viability of plasma-derived immunoglobulins for passive immunization against HCV in Nigeria, highlighting the need for further research to optimize region-specific therapeutic strategies. This study lays the foundation for tailored immunoglobulin therapies targeting prevalent HCV genotypes to enhance treatment accessibility and improve clinical outcomes in Nigeria.