Cellulose-Based Biopolymers from Banana Pseudostem Waste: Innovations for Sustainable Bioplastics

Abstract

Plastic materials are widely used for packaging due to their versatility and availability. Global production, mainly from petrochemicals, is estimated at 380 million tons, increasing annually by 4%. Packaging plastics have the shortest lifespan and contribute significantly to environmental pollution. Current production, use, and disposal of these plastics harm the environment, hu-mans, and ecosystems. Microplastics, (plastics particles ranging from 1 µm to 5 mm) formed through degradation, accumulate in ecosystems and the human body, including the brain. Bioplastics and biodegradable polymers from biological sources are a sustainable alternative; however, most production still relies on food crops, raising concerns about food security and sustainability. Utilizing organic wastes reduces production costs, lessens pressure on food systems, and supports waste management efforts. Cellulose, an abundant natural polymer, offers strong potential due to biodegradability, availability, and mechanical properties. This review explores extracting cellulose from banana pseudostem waste for packaging, high-lighting extraction and conversion methods and characterization via FTIR, TGA, SEM, XRD, and mechanical testing. FTIR confirmed the effective removal of lignin and hemicellulose, XRD revealed increased crystallinity corresponding to Type I cellulose, SEM showed a roughened fiber surface after alkaline treatment, and TGA indicated high thermal stability up to 250 °C. The goal is eco-friendly packaging by promoting agrowaste use. Further research should improve performance and scalability of cellulose-based bioplastics to meet industry needs and compete effectively with conventional plastics.