Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Brachychiton populneus Biomass for the Production of High-Value Bio-Crude

Abstract

The current study focused on the heterogenous catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Brachychiton populneus biomass seed, using Ni as hydrogenation catalyst and Fe as active hydrogen producer. The activity of Ni metal and of Ni/Al2O3 in the HTL of seed (BS) and of a mixture of seed and shell (BM) was studied. To establish the best operating process conditions, the influence of variation of temperature and reaction time on the product yields was also examined. The highest bio-crude yields of 57.18% and 48.23% for BS and BM, respectively, were obtained at 330 °C and 10 min of reaction time, in the presence of Ni/Al2O3 as catalyst and Fe as hydrogen donor. Elemental analysis results showed that at these operative conditions, an increase of the higher heating value (HHV) from 25.14 MJ/kg to 38.04 MJ/kg and from 17.71 MJ/kg to 31.72 MJ/kg was obtained for BS and BM biomass, respectively, when the combination of Fe and Ni/Al2O3 was used. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), used to determine the oils’ chemical compositions, showed that the combined presence of Fe and Ni/Al2O3 favored the hydrodeoxygenation of the fatty acids into hydrocarbons, indeed their amount increased to ≈20% for both biomasses used. These results demonstrate that the obtained bio-crude has the capacity to be a source of synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock.