review · RSC Advances
Recent advances in nanomaterial fabrication have enabled new targeted approaches for cancer therapy, expanding beyond traditional treatment methods and their associated side effects. These nanoparticle-based strategies are primarily grouped into hyperthermia, drug delivery systems, and biosensors. Hyperthermia uses targeted heating to destroy diseased tissue, with magnetic and gold nanoparticles significantly enhancing heating efficiency and precision. Magnetic nanoparticles can also act as thermo-responsive devices controlled by external magnetic fields, enabling personalised interventions. In diagnostics and monitoring, nanoparticle-based biosensors detect and track tumour tissues through biomarkers present in body fluids. In drug delivery, functionalised nanoparticles, alongside materials such as carbon nanotubes and metal-organic frameworks, transport therapeutic agents directly to target sites before releasing them, offering more controlled therapeutic delivery.
Traditional cancer therapies often cause severe side effects and lack precision. By integrating advanced nanomaterials into biosensing, heating therapies, and drug delivery, treatments can be directed precisely at diseased cells while sparing healthy tissue. This targeted approach has the potential to make cancer interventions safer, more personalised, and more effective for patients.
The concepts outline potential applications in cancer diagnostics, targeted therapeutics, and medical devices for oncology clinics and healthcare providers. Technologies such as magnetic hyperthermia devices, biosensing platforms, and functionalised delivery vehicles rely on materials like gold nanoparticles and metal-organic frameworks. However, because this is a conceptual review of emerging modalities, the abstract does not indicate specific testing, readiness levels, or immediate translation pathways.
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This work presents a review of the therapeutic modalities and approaches for cancer treatment. A brief overview of the traditional treatment routes is presented in the introduction together with their reported side effects. A combination of the traditional approaches was reported to demonstrate an effective therapy until a few decades ago. With the improvement in the fabrication of nanomaterials, targeted therapy represents a novel therapeutic approach. This improvement established on nanoparticles is categorized into hyperthermia, drug delivery systems, and biosensors. Hyperthermia presents a personalized medicine-based approach in which targeted zones are heated up until the diseased tissue is destroyed by the thermal effect. The use of magnetic nanoparticles further improved the effectiveness of hyperthermia owing to the enhanced heating action, further increasing the accuracy of the targeting process. Nanoparticle-based biosensors present a smart nanodevice that can detect, monitor, and target tumor tissues by following the biomarkers in the body fluids. Magnetic nanoparticles offer a controlled thermo-responsive device that can be manipulated by changing the magnetic field, offering a more personalized and controlled hyperthermia therapeutic modality. Similarly, gold nanoparticles offer an effective aid in the hyperthermia treatment approach. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes and metal-organic frameworks present a cutting-edge approach to cancer treatment. A combination of functionalized nanoparticles offers a unique route for drug delivery systems, in which therapeutic agents carried by nanoparticles are guided into the human body and then released in the target spot.
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DOI: 10.1039/d4ra06992g
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