article · Applied Surface Science Advances
A composite material was synthesised by doping ferromagnetic biochar derived from orange peels with titanium dioxide using a co-precipitation method. Material testing confirmed the successful impregnation of iron oxide and titanium dioxide particles within the carbon structure. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated that the composite formulated with 2.5 weight per cent titanium dioxide showed the lowest charge transfer resistance. This material was used to degrade reactive yellow-145 dye from the Cameroon Textile Industry using a Fenton process. Statistical optimisation determined peak degradation conditions at an acidic pH of 2.02, an initial dye concentration of 75 milligrams per litre, and an operating time of roughly 16 minutes. Under these conditions, the composite achieved 97.95 per cent dye removal following first-order kinetics. Across ten consecutive operating cycles, the composite maintained high stability, losing only around 5 per cent of its efficiency.
Textile manufacturing produces heavily contaminated wastewater containing persistent synthetic dyes that harm ecosystems. Transforming abundant agricultural waste, such as orange peels, into durable, magnetically recoverable catalysts offers an eco-friendly approach to effluent cleanup. Because the material can be separated easily and reused across multiple treatment cycles, it provides a practical pathway to reducing chemical waste and treatment costs in industrial water purification.
This work demonstrates an applied, laboratory-tested solution for industrial wastewater treatment, directly targeting textile manufacturers managing reactive dye effluents. Utilising agricultural by-products to synthesise a reusable catalyst that maintains performance over ten cycles supports lower operational costs. The technology currently sits at an applied research stage, tested on actual textile industry dye, but requires pilot-scale testing and validation under continuous flow conditions before any commercial integration into existing wastewater treatment facilities.
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TiO2-doped ferromagnetic (TiFeBC) composites were synthesised from lignocellulosic orange peel biochar (BC) material using co-precipitation method. Several characterization techniques (XRD, SEM, EDX, FT-IR, EIS and N2 adsorption-desorption) were used to confirm the presence of Fe3O4 and TiO2 particles impregnated within the carbonaceous matrix of the biochar. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the sample obtained using 2.5 wt. % of TiO2 (TiFeBC1) has the lowest charge transfer resistance compared to those of 5 wt.% and 7.5 wt.%. TiFeBC1 was used for the optimization of the degradation of reactive yellow-145 from Cameroon Textile Industry using Fenton process. Optimum operational parameters were found to be: pH of 2.02, initial dye concentration of 75 mg/L, mass of material of 5998 mg/L and a time of 16.01 min. Using the CCD of the Response Surface Methodology, a predicted optimum response of 98.89 % was obtained in agreement with an experimental response of 97.95 % of dye degradation. Analysis of variance presented good correlation between the experimental data and the postulated model (R2 = 94.24 % and R2adjusted = 87.52 %). The degradation reaction was found to obey the first order kinetic rate law (R2 = 0.986) with respect to the dye. The study of interfering processes revealed that adsorption and H2O2/daylight-assisted degradation are two phenomenon that could possibly contribute to a negligible extent to the elimination of the dye during the Fenton process. The stability and efficiency of TiFeBC1 was evaluated over ten cycles and the material was found to lose approximately 5 % of its efficiency.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100554
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