Bryological Flora and Its Biodeteriogenic Effect on the Stones of the Archaeological Site of Volubilis in Morocco

Abstract

The archaeological site of Volubilis (Morocco) is located some 30 km north of the city of Meknes in Morocco. Its good geographic location and natural conditions allow for the development of bryological flora, which likely aids in its biodeterioration. The project aims to identify bryophyte species likely involved in substrate degradation, using systematic sampling along walls and old cobblestones. The results obtained show that the bryological flora of Volubilis includes 16 taxa with a high degree of cover and are therefore capable of having a destructive effect on the substrate. These taxa are all acrocarps belonging to a single moss class, divided into 5 orders, 7 families, and 13 genera. With 9 taxa, the Pottiaceae family is the largest, followed by the Bryaceae with 2 taxa, while the other four families are represented by a single species each. These mosses invade Volubilis' buildings, generating aesthetic changes and, over time, varied degrees of stone damage. They are attracted to wetness in the joints of materials.