Bovine mastitis mycotic cause, updates in diagnostic and therapeutic tools, and economic impacts on animal wealth

Abstract

Mastitis is a major production disease of dairy animal. This disease is highly significance due to huge economic losses. Owing to the significant financial losses, the disease is very concerning., Globally cases of mycotic mastitis have increased in recent years. Milk-producing animals like cows, buffalo, goats, camels, and sheep are susceptible to mycotic mastitis, which is caused by a variety of fungus species as Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Candida albicans and, Cryptococcus neoformansan. Mycotic mastitis cases most often involve the isolation of Candida species among fungal infections, C. albicans is one of the major causes of mycotic mastitis in Egypt. Due to the common, prolonged, and careless use of hydrocortisone and antibiotics as mastitis treatments, dairy animals were more predisposed to fungal mastitis. Mammary gland fungal infections might occur because of contaminated animal stalls. Both the milking machine and the milker's hand might harbor the illness. For confirmation, laboratory methods are needed. Using Pal sunflower seed medium and Sabouraud's dextrose agar, fungi can be readily isolated from mastitis milk with Narayan staining technique, the microscopic morphology of fungal isolates may be investigated. Molecular identification which carried by PCR more significant for mycotic diagnosis. Treatment for Candida species-induced mastitis with nystatin has demonstrated promising outcomes. Fungal mastitis, mostly from C. neoformans, is difficult to treat. The application of appropriate hygiene procedures, good cleaning in the cow stalls, appropriate milking procedures, and the prompt withdrawal of antifungal drugs can aid in lowering the incidence and prevalence of fungal mastitis.