Blockchain-Based Governance Models for Ensuring Soil and Land Data Integrity in Land Registry and Environmental Compliance Systems.

Abstract

This study investigated blockchain-based governance models for ensuring soil and land data integrity in land registry and environmental compliance systems. Traditional centralized registries are vulnerable to manipulation, fraud, and limited transparency, weakening secure property rights and environmental monitoring. Using a literature-driven methodology, the research applied a systematic review based on PRISMA 2020, conducted comparative analysis across eight jurisdictions, developed a conceptual governance framework, and assessed legal and institutional implications through doctrinal analysis. Findings indicate that consortium governance is dominant, while Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric demonstrate strong capacity for tamper-proof records and automated compliance via smart contracts. Performance comparisons show significant fraud reduction, averaging 91.4%, alongside improved data integrity, scalability, and stakeholder inclusion. The proposed framework integrates consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, stakeholder roles, and soil-environmental data protocols relative to traditional systems. Overall, blockchain-enabled decentralized governance effectively links land tenure security with verifiable environmental data management and offers a practical, executable approach for policymakers and researchers in resource-constrained contexts, with strong implications for sustainable land administration globally.