Bite by bite: Exposing hidden tick-borne disease risks among Nigeria's ruminant livestock workers

Abstract

Tick-borne diseases pose a significant global threat, with individuals in livestock-related occupations at high risk. This study assessed the risk factors for tick-borne viral diseases among pastoralist herdsmen and abattoir workers in Kwara State of Nigeria, a critical region for livestock movement. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 livestock workers (125 herdsmen; 249 abattoir workers), using structured questionnaires and observational assessments. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression. We identified a high prevalence of risky practices and significant knowledge gaps. Among herdsmen, 79.2% reported tick bites, 80.8% crushed ticks barehanded, and 82.4% found ticks in their bedrooms. For abattoir workers, 69.9% had tick exposure, 89.6% did not use gloves, and 88% sustained work injuries, with most continuing to work untreated. Critically, 50.2% of abattoir workers consumed raw meat. Over 94% of all participants were unaware of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Multinomial regression revealed that age, lack of education, and specific practices like inadequate protective clothing significantly influenced risk across locations. Observational data confirmed severe infrastructural deficits in abattoirs, including no running water or tick control programs. This occupational group demonstrates multiple high-risk zoonotic behaviours amidst a severe lack of awareness, situated within inadequate infrastructure. This combination creates a highly conducive environment for the silent transmission of pathogens like CCHF virus. Urgent, integrated public health interventions, including targeted education and enforced safety protocols, are needed to mitigate this threat.