Biodiversity conservation and socio-economic development for Africa’s harmonious future: a scoping review

Abstract

This paper explores the complex relationship between biodiversity conservation, human well-being and socio-economic development in Africa. The continent’s rich biodiversity is increasingly threatened by human activities such as habitat degradation, overexploitation and climate change, which negatively affect both ecosystems and livelihoods. This study examines the impact of conservation efforts, including protected areas and community-based management, on biodiversity and local economies from 2000 to 2024. Following a systematic scoping review approach, it established research questions, identified relevant studies based on inclusion criteria, and synthesized findings on biodiversity conservation in Africa. Data were sourced from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and AGRICOLA databases, evaluated using PRISMA guidelines, and analyzed through descriptive and thematic methods. Despite these efforts, challenges remain from activities such as deforestation and illegal wildlife trade. The review highlights the socio-economic benefits of conservation, such as improved ecosystem services and tourism revenues, but stresses the need for careful management to balance these with development goals. The study concludes that integrated approaches are essential to reconcile conservation and socio-economic development. Recommendations include strengthening collaborative conservation strategies, adopting sustainable agriculture, and implementing targeted policies that support both ecological resilience and human well-being. This review provides valuable insights for policy-makers, researchers and conservationists seeking to reconcile conservation and development objectives in Africa.