Bioconvection across a revolving sphere under the influence of bilateral chemical reactions with temperature- and space- dependent heat generation

Abstract

This paper discusses the time-dependent mixed convection flow of nanofluids (Al 2 O 3 -water) due to a stagnation-point over a rotating sphere in the presence of motile microorganisms. The suspension is considered to be electro-conducting and Joule heating impacts are not neglected. Exponential behaviors are considered for the included heat generation and chemical reaction influences. Besides, the non-linear radiation flux takes place in the flow area. Computational analyses are introduced for the problem formulations after converting them to similar forms. From the major results, the exponential heat generation enhances the temperature distributions while the exponential behaviors of the chemical reaction have negative influences on the nanoparticle concentration. Also, the skin friction coefficients in x − and z − directions get higher values when the rotational and the mixed convection parameters are rising. Further, the thermal scenario diminishes with increasing nanoparticle diameter, however the thermal radiation factor and the ratio between the liquid and the nanolayer conductivity significantly enhance the thermal characteristics of the water-based Al 2 O 3 nanofluid. The findings offer practical information that might be applied to improve system performance in a number of fields, which could involve fluid mechanics, pharmaceutical technology, and thermal management, among others.