review · Nanomaterials
Nanoencapsulation offers a method to overcome key limitations of conventional drug delivery systems, such as poor bioavailability, adverse side effects, the need for frequent dosing, and unpleasant taste or smell. Creating these nanoscale systems requires biomaterials, primarily polymers and surfactants, which are frequently combined with targeting ligands and charge inducers. Selecting materials with high biocompatibility is critical for patient safety and successful therapeutic delivery. This work examines the various biomaterials employed in different nanoencapsulation approaches, focusing on their practical use and biological safety profiles. In particular, it assesses their applicability in relation to blood compatibility, tissue compatibility, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and potential risks of carcinogenesis.
Delivering medicines effectively often fails because of poor absorption or severe side effects. Nanoencapsulation provides a protective carrier around therapeutic molecules to improve how they enter and behave in the body. Understanding the biological safety of the materials used to construct these tiny carriers is essential to ensure that emerging drug delivery formulations do not cause unintended damage to blood or tissues.
This overview informs pharmaceutical scientists and formulation developers designing nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. By evaluating safety considerations such as tissue compatibility and toxicity across polymers and surfactants, it aids material selection for medical formulations. Because the abstract describes an overview of materials and biocompatibility rather than a tested therapeutic candidate, it represents early-stage guidance for pre-clinical formulation development.
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Nanoencapsulation is an approach to circumvent shortcomings such as reduced bioavailability, undesirable side effects, frequent dosing and unpleasant organoleptic properties of conventional drug delivery systems. The process of nanoencapsulation involves the use of biomaterials such as surfactants and/or polymers, often in combination with charge inducers and/or ligands for targeting. The biomaterials selected for nanoencapsulation processes must be as biocompatible as possible. The type(s) of biomaterials used for different nanoencapsulation approaches are highlighted and their use and applicability with regard to haemo- and, histocompatibility, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenesis are discussed.
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DOI: 10.3390/nano10091649
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