article · Water Environment Research
Industrialisation and textile manufacturing generate wastewater runoffs containing methylene blue, a neurotoxic and carcinogenic dye that impedes sunlight penetration, disrupts photosynthesis, increases biochemical oxygen demand, and threatens aquatic life. Traditional wastewater treatment approaches are often costly and inefficient. Biosynthesised nanoparticles offer a promising alternative owing to their distinct surface properties, catalytic performance, antibacterial activity, eco-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. This review synthesises recent research published primarily between 2019 and 2021 on the bio-fabrication of green silver nano-architectures. It examines the use of diverse biological sources, including plant, bacterial, fungal, and algal extracts, which serve as natural reducing and capping agents. Furthermore, it outlines the underlying mechanisms of silver nanoparticle biosynthesis, the processes governing catalytic pollutant breakdown, and the overall degradation efficiency achieved when treating methylene blue contaminants.
Textile dyes in wastewater persist in aquatic ecosystems, blocking light necessary for photosynthesis and creating toxic environments for aquatic life and human water supplies. Summarising green methods to produce silver nanoparticles using biological extracts helps advance sustainable, low-cost water treatment technologies that clean industrial effluent without relying on hazardous synthetic chemicals or expensive traditional remediation systems.
The findings inform wastewater treatment and industrial effluent remediation, particularly for textile manufacturers needing to neutralise methylene blue. While green silver nanoparticles demonstrate catalytic efficiency in laboratory studies, the review focuses on synthesis mechanisms and degradation pathways, indicating that the technology remains largely at an early research stage rather than near immediate industrial deployment.
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The advent of global industrialization advancements has proven to be both a blessing and a curse for humanity, with significant detrimental consequences on marine bodies, and methylene blue is one of the common offenders through textile industry runoffs. These dye runoffs are complex, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic and prevent sunlight from penetrating the water to hinder photosynthesis and increase the biological/biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), hence hampering the ontogenesis of photoautotrophic organisms and thus threatening marine life and causing an increase in unavailability and inaccessibility to healthy water for eco-fundamental networking. Traditional methods came into the limelight, but they are costly and inefficient. Amazingly, due to exceptional surface features, eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, catalytic efficiency, and antibacterial capabilities, biosynthesized nanoparticles emerged as a potential solution to these drawbacks encounter by the traditional approach. This review was based on a comprehensive review of publicly available literature (majorly 2019-2021 original research reports) using major scientific databases such as SciFinder, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The keywords that were utilized to scoop up the scientific journals were as follows: dye degradation and decolorization, biosynthesis, methylene blue, silver nanoparticles, wastewater, and dye runoffs. Thus, this review highlights the green sources used for the bio-fabrication of silver nanoparticles, the current level of knowledge of biosynthesis mechanism, mechanism of degradation, and methylene blue dye degradation efficiency. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Bio-fabrication mechanism of green silver nano-architecture from plant, bacteria, fungi, and algae extract has been discussed. Various biological capping/reducing agents have been reported. Degradation efficiency of methylene blue dyes using silver nanoparticles has been discussed. Mechanism of degradation of methylene blue by green silver nanoparticles has been reported.
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DOI: 10.1002/wer.1649
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