BIM 6D as an Interoperable Platform for Twin Transition in Mediterranean Cities : A Delphi-Based Roadmap for Sustainable Urban Development

Abstract

Abstract The Mediterranean region faces escalating urbanization pressures, necessitating innovative tools to harmonize digital and green transitions. While Building Information Modeling (BIM) is widely adopted, its 6D dimension integrating sustainability metrics and operational performance remains underexplored as an interoperable platform for systemic decarbonization. This study bridges this gap through a Delphi method engaging 33 experts across architecture, urban planning, digital engineering, and citizen advocacy. Results reveal BIM 6D’s dual role as a technical enabler and social mediator, with three critical paradigm shifts: (1) Material intelligence prioritizing vernacular adaptations over digital replication; (2) Distributed governance enabling community-scale data sovereignty; (3) Contextual validation replacing universal carbon metrics with water-energy-health nexus KPIs. The consensus highlights Mediterranean-specific pathways: low-tech interfaces for digital inclusion, hybrid protocols balancing standardization with local knowledge, and ‘elastic compliance’ frameworks for heritage contexts. This repositions BIM 6D as a cultural interface for equitable twin transitions, offering municipalities a replicable model to align EU Green Deal ambitions with territorial realities.