Behaviour of certain pesticides in different agr-environmental components

Abstract

A growing global population, widespread famines caused by wars and natural disasters, and the challenges of land desertification and climate change all contribute to the urgent need for increased food production. To address this need, it is crucial to enhance agricultural output in both quantity and quality, primarily by protecting crops from pest-related losses, which account for at least 40% of potential yield reductions. However, achieving this increase in food production faces complex challenges. Agrochemicals, which include chemical fertilizers and pesticides, are critical for increasing agricultural yields and protecting crops. Recently, global pesticides used in agriculture reached 3.5 million tons of active ingredients per year, with herbicides accounting for 48%, insecticides 30%, and fungicides 17%. Pesticides function as a double-edged sword. They are essential for pest control, enhancing the quality, quantity, and sustainability of agricultural products. Conversely, their utilization entails risks, such as potential toxicity to humans, non-target organisms, and the environment