Azolla as a beneficial macrophyte for livestock feed: a review

Abstract

Livestock plays a significant role in the livelihood enhancement of the people, especially in rural areas. The requirement for dietary protein for people from the animal sources is expected to increase. However, due to problems of feed shortages and high costs of feed the livestock sector and its contribution to the country’s economy are threatened in many countries. To address this problem, exploration of alternative sources of cheap feed resources is imperative. Azolla is one of the cheapest feed resources grown in water bodies, mainly in tropical and sub-tropical countries. There are various species of Azolla used as a feed source for livestock. Azolla filiculoides, Azolla pinnata and Azolla microphylla are the main species of Azolla that contribute to livestock feed. Nutritionally, Azolla is a good source of amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. It is commonly used for feeding poultry, sheep, and goats, and dairy cattle. Azolla is used as a supplementary feed with other feed resources to increase feed intake, growth, egg production, and milk yield, as proven by many researches. Besides animal feeding, Azolla is also used for soil fertility improvement, bioremediation, compost making, and biogas production. Therefore, the production and utilization of Azolla in an appropriate, way particularly in wetland areas will contribute to improving livestock nutrition and productivity.