Avian influenza surveillance system evaluation, Ga East District, Greater Accra Region, Ghana, 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is a global veterinary and public health concern due to its zoonotic potential, high poultry mortality, and severe economic impacts in many countries, including Ghana. Effective surveillance is critical for early detection and containment. However, challenges persist in timely case identification and response. This study evaluated the Avian Influenza surveillance system in Ga East District to assess its attributes and usefulness. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional evaluation was conducted using the CDC’s 2001 Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems. Data from 2021 to 2024 were collected through stakeholder interviews, record reviews, and field observations. Nine attributes, including simplicity, flexibility, stability, and sensitivity, were assessed alongside the objectives of the surveillance system, using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Results: The system detected 9 outbreaks over the 4 years, out of which 7 were true outbreaks of AI. The system had simple reporting and feedback channels and could easily detect other diseases with similar presentations. However, dependence on farmer reporting delayed early case detection, limiting sensitivity. Resource constraints, including inadequate logistics and funding, undermined stability. Nevertheless, most of the objectives of the surveillance system were achieved. Conclusion: The Avian Influenza surveillance system in Ga East District is useful, with good attributes, though sensitivity, undermined by early detection, and system stability, remain weak points. Strengthening resources and adopting active surveillance would improve outbreak preparedness and response.