Association Between Glycated Hemoglobin and Hematological Indices in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Enugu, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, which may influence hematological parameters. This study assessed the association between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and hematological indices in T2DM patients in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 144 participants (86 T2DM patients and 58 healthy controls) was conducted. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured using standard biochemical methods, while HbA1c was determined by immunoturbidimetric assay. Complete blood count and reticulocyte parameters were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Spearman correlation. Results: FBG and HbA1c levels were significantly higher in T2DM patients compared to controls (p < 0.001). Male diabetics showed slightly higher values (FBG: 9.02 ± 1.20 mmol/L; HbA1c: 8.9 ± 1.2%) than females (FBG: 8.47 ± 1.04 mmol/L; HbA1c: 8.4 ± 1.1%). Hematological findings revealed altered red cell indices, including reduced hemoglobin and packed cell volume, suggesting anemia prevalence, particularly among female diabetics. Reticulocyte indices were significantly elevated in diabetic subjects, indicating increased erythropoietic activity. Correlation analysis demonstrated significant associations between glycemic status and hematological parameters. Conclusion: Poor glycemic control is associated with significant alterations in hematological indices in T2DM patients. HbA1c may serve as an important marker not only for glycemic control but also for hematological dysfunction.