Assessment of the groundwater salinization in the coastal aquifer Ghiss-Nekkour (Northeastern Morocco)

Abstract

The mechanisms underlying groundwater salinization are diverse and complex, influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. The natural salinization of water primarily depends on the geographical context (coastal, continental, etc.), geological characteristics (aquifer type, sediment mineralogy, etc.), and climatic conditions. On the other hand, anthropogenic salinization results from human activities and practices on the surface areas overlying vulnerable aquifers. In this study, we investigate the origins of salinization in the groundwater of the coastal Ghiss-Nekkour aquifer, which serves as the primary source of drinking water for Al Hoceima city and its surrounding areas. A comparative approach was employed, integrating geological (lithological and structural), hydrochemical, and statistical criteria to identify and analyze salinization mechanisms. The findings indicate that the salinity of the Ghiss-Nekkour aquifer is spatially variable. Most of the aquifer exhibits salinity values ranging from 1 to 3.2 PSU, with localized extreme values exceeding 3.2 PSU. These higher salinity levels are observed primarily in the eastern part near the Trougout fault and in the southwestern region of the aquifer. Such variations suggest the influence of both natural geological features and anthropogenic activities on the salinity distribution. To address this issue, it is essential to implement targeted solutions, including regular monitoring of groundwater quality, and controlling anthropogenic pollution sources. By addressing these challenges, the Ghiss-Nekkour aquifer can continue to serve as a reliable drinking water source for the region.