review · Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
A systematic literature review analysed foodborne disease hazards reported in beverages consumed in Nigeria from 2000 to 2020. Screening across multiple scientific databases identified 126 relevant studies out of 18,762 retrieved records. The most commonly evaluated drinks were sachet water, borehole or well water, cereal-based beverages, raw or fresh milk, and nono or nunu, a fermented milk and cereal drink. Data synthesis revealed substantial contamination rates across several products, including Klebsiella species in sachet water, Salmonella species in borehole or well water, and Staphylococcus species in both raw milk and fermented milk beverages. Escherichia species were also prevalent in fermented milk beverages. These findings highlight significant public health hazards in everyday drinks and provide baseline data required for formal quantitative risk assessments and future hazard mitigation strategies.
Contaminated beverages pose severe health risks to communities. By consolidating twenty years of evidence on bacterial contamination in widely consumed Nigerian drinks, this work establishes the prevalence of dangerous pathogens such as Salmonella and Klebsiella. Understanding these contamination rates is essential for public health authorities to design targeted interventions and improve safety standards across informal and commercial beverage supplies.
The abstract does not indicate an application pathway, as it focuses on synthesising epidemiological literature to support future quantitative risk assessments and public health mitigation rather than commercial product development.
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Risk assessment is a formal process of identifying hazards and assessing the risk associated with them (risk is a combination of the severity of illness and the probability of occurrence). This review highlights foodborne disease hazards reported in beverages consumed in Nigeria for the period between 2000 and 2020. Based on a preregistered protocol and search syntax, studies were retrieved from the PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. Rayyan QCRI software was used to screen the articles. Data were then extracted from the included full-text articles, into a standardized excel workbook. A total of 18,762 articles were identified, from which 126 were included in the final analyses. The common beverages studied were sachet water (14.9%), borehole/well water (13.9%), cereal-based beverages (12.1%), raw/fresh milk (8.3%) and <i>nono/nunu</i>, which is a fermented milk-cereal beverage (7.2%). Sufficient data were available to undertake pooled prevalence estimates for some hazards within select beverages and revealed contamination rates for <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. in raw/fresh milk, 12.3% (95% CI 6.3-20.0); <i>Salmonella</i> spp. in borehole/well water, 19.8% (95% CI 13.1-27.4); <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. in sachet water, 40.0% (95% CI 12.4-71.7); <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp. in <i>nono/nunu</i>, 32.6% (95% CI 14.7-53.8), and <i>Escherichia</i> spp. in <i>nono/nunu</i>, 30.7% (95% CI 21.9-40.2). Heterogeneity was present in the aggregate summary estimates. This review has highlighted the presence of several hazards of high importance to public health in commonly consumed beverages in Nigeria. The data presented here provide an entry point for future quantitative risk assessments both to determine the level of exposure of the community to these hazards and also for the identification of the most effective mitigation strategies to reduce these risks and improve health outcomes in Nigeria.
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DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0043
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