article · Alzheimer s & Dementia
Celtis integrifolia is a plant commonly found in northern Cameroon, where its roots are used in traditional medicine for nervous system problems. This research evaluated the neuroprotective effects of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant in a mouse model of neurodegeneration induced by monosodium glutamate. Both types of extract significantly improved memory, exploratory activity, and motor coordination in behavioural assessments. Biochemical analyses showed that the treatments enhanced the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione, while decreasing markers of oxidative stress, including malonaldehyde and nitric oxide in the brain. In addition, the extracts lowered levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. These results confirm that the plant extracts provide neuroprotection in mice by mitigating both oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation.
Neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease are strongly linked to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in the brain. Validating the biological mechanisms of traditional medicinal plants provides scientific backing for local therapies and helps identify promising natural compounds that could protect brain cells from damage and memory loss.
This research could support early-stage pharmaceutical or nutraceutical development for neurodegenerative conditions. The potential users would be drug discovery teams seeking plant-derived neuroprotective compounds. However, this work represents early-stage animal and laboratory testing, meaning it remains far from clinical use or near-market product formulation.
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BACKGROUND: Celtis integrifolia called "Ganki-Djiho" in Hausa, is commonly found in Northern parts of Cameroon. The roots are used in traditional medicine to alleviate nervous problems. The current study sought to assess the neuroprotective potential of C. integrifolia against Monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced memory deficit in mice model of AD. METHOD: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of C. integrifolia were investigated for its phytochemicals and cytotoxicity studies (MTT and Hemolysis tests). In different groups of mice (N=5), the extracts were also studied against the effect of MSG in mice. The behavioural paradigms (Y-maze, Open field test (OFT) and Beam walking test) were performed to evaluate spatial and working memory, exploratory and motor coordination. The biochemical parameters, superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and nitric oxide (NO) level as hallmarks of oxidative stress were measured. Additionally, the proinflammatory parameters were also determined to evaluate the neuroinflammatory responses associated with MSG such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin (IL- 6), and interleukin (IL-10). RESULTS: Findings obtained revealed that different doses of aqueous and ethanol extracts of C. integrifolia significantly reversed the adverse effect of MSG on memory. This was evidence by a significant (p<0.001) increment in the percentage of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test and a significant (p<0.001) increase in the total distance and number of lines crossed in OFT. Moreover, C. integrifolia aqueous and ethanol extracts at different doses caused a significant alteration in biochemical parameters, evidence by significant (p<0.001) improvement in antioxidant enzymes activity (CAT, SOD and GSH) associated with a significant (p<0.001) decrement in NO and MDA concentrations in brain. Furthermore the extracts significantly (p<0.001) decreased the serum neuro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels). CONCLUSION: The present study attributed the neuroprotective efficacy of C. integrifolia in experimental animal model by subsiding the several biomarkers of oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation.
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DOI: 10.1002/alz70859_101708
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