article · Ain Shams Engineering Journal
Agriculture faces growing pressure to meet global food demand whilst conserving natural resources and protecting the environment. Sensor systems and the Internet of Things offer practical means to improve agricultural sustainability and support food security. A structured four-layer architecture, comprising sensing and actuation, networking, cloud computing, and end applications, underpins these modern systems. Deployment spans diverse operational needs, such as automated irrigation monitoring, fertiliser distribution, crop disease recognition, yield and logistics tracking, harvesting, climate tracking, and early fire detection. Dedicated sensors track essential environmental and operational variables, including soil moisture, nutrients, pH, livestock status, and atmospheric conditions. Adopting these tools delivers improved efficiency, cleaner production methods, agility, and enhanced crop quality. However, several technical and implementation challenges remain before widespread agricultural integration can occur, indicating specific areas requiring further research and development.
Rising populations and environmental pressures demand cleaner, more efficient farming methods. Connected sensors and automated monitoring allow growers to track soil health, weather, and crop conditions accurately. Understanding the capabilities and current limits of agricultural sensor networks helps stakeholders direct resources towards technologies that conserve inputs, protect natural habitats, and strengthen regional food supply resilience.
This review synthesises technological approaches relevant to agricultural technology developers, farm equipment manufacturers, and agronomy service providers. Potential commercial applications include precision irrigation control, soil nutrient monitoring, and supply chain logistics tracking. Because this work is a secondary review examining market projections up to 2030 alongside existing technical barriers, it represents conceptual and market analysis rather than a field-tested commercial product.
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Agriculture must overcome escalating problems in order to feed a growing population while preserving the environment and natural resources. Recently, it has become clear that sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) are effective tools for boosting agricultural sustainability and food security. This study provides insights into the global market size for smart agriculture in future years from 2021 to 2030, In addition, this research offered four levels of the IoT architecture for smart agriculture: the perception or sensing and actuator layer, the network layer, the cloud layer, and the application layer. The state of the art in IoT and sensor technologies for agriculture is examined in this review paper, along with some of their potential uses, including 1) irrigation monitoring systems, 2) fertilizer administration, 3) crop disease detection, 4) monitoring (yield monitoring, quality monitoring, processing monitoring logistic monotoring), forecasting, and harvesting, 5) climate conditions monitoring, and 6) fire detection. Additionally, this review offers a number of sensors for agriculture that can detect parameters like soil NPK, moisture, nitrate, pH, electrical conductivity, CO2, temperature, humidity, light, weather station, water level, livestock, plant disease, smoke, flame, flexible wearable. Subsequently, this study highlights the advantages of IoT in smart agriculture, including superior efficiency, expansion, reduced resources, cleaner method, agility, and product quality improvement. However, there are still issues that need to be resolved in order for IoT technology to be used in agriculture where covered in this paper, and also provide insights into future research directions and opportunities. This study will contribute to helping future readers and researchers to better understand the state of academic achievement in this subject.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2023.102509
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