article · Groundwater for Sustainable Development
Siwa Oasis faces sustainability challenges including waterlogging, soil salinisation, and groundwater depletion across non-rechargeable aquifers. An investigation evaluated aquifer systems, including the Tertiary carbonate aquifer, Nubian sandstone aquifer, springs, and salt lakes, using geophysical logging, stable isotopes, hydrochemistry, clustering, and mixing models. The groundwater has palaeo-meteoric origins without modern recharge, and all springs originate from the Tertiary carbonate aquifer. Salinity in the Tertiary carbonate aquifer rose rapidly between 1998 and 2022, driven by evaporation, rock weathering, trapped seawater, and downward seepage from salt lakes, which contributes two to four percent of the salinity increase following irrigation over-extraction. Water samples were undersaturated with respect to halite, gypsum, and anhydrite, promoting further dissolution. Proposed management solutions include blending water from both primary aquifers and implementing subsurface drip irrigation to mitigate degradation.
In arid agricultural regions dependent on non-renewable aquifers, excessive extraction can accelerate salinity and exhaust finite freshwater reserves. Understanding the precise geochemical mechanisms of salinisation helps water resource authorities and farming communities protect vulnerable groundwater supplies. These findings provide the direct evidence needed to design interventions that prevent the irreversible degradation of desert oasis agriculture through structured water mixing and water-saving irrigation.
The findings inform groundwater management strategies and agricultural planning. Potential users include regional water resource authorities, agricultural project developers, and irrigation technology providers operating in arid environments. This is applied research that directly recommends commercial interventions, pointing towards the deployment of subsurface drip irrigation systems and engineered water-blending regimes between the two aquifers to preserve water quality for local farming.
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Waterlogging, soil salinization, and groundwater depletion in non-rechargeable aquifers are among the causes endangering the sustainability of Siwa Oasis. The water resources include the tertiary carbonate aquifer (TCA), Nubian sandstone aquifer (NSSA), springs, drains, and hypersaline lakes. Geophysical logs were used to identify various aquifer systems. Stable isotopes, major ions, and heavy metals were examined. K-means cluster analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA), hydrochemistry, stable isotopes, and mixing models using NETPATH were applied in order to understand the complex hydrogeological conditions in the different aquifer systems. The results showed that all water samples were under-saturated (SI < 1) with respect to anhydrite, halite, and gypsum minerals, indicating the water's ability to dissolve more from these minerals and increase water salinity.In contrast, calcite, dolomite, Ca-montmorillonite, and illite minerals were supersaturated in most water samples (SI > 1), showing their ability to precipitate these minerals. There is no recharge for the aquifer systems, and all the groundwater resources have paleo meteoric origin, where the maximum values of δ18O and δ2H are −8.45 and −65.63, respectively. All of the springs originated from the TCA, as indicated from the K-mean cluster analysis. There is a rapid increase in the water salinity of the TCA from 1998 to 2022 due to evaporation, rock weathering, mixing with old trapped sea water, and seepage of saline water from salt lakes. The significant variations in the water salinity of the TCA aquifer are due to the mixing between fresh water of NSSA (dilution) and salt water from Zeituna and Siwa lakes through downward flow in some locations, where over-extraction of water for irrigation purposes has decreased the water pressure in the TCA. The mixing model confirmed salt lakes' contribution in increasing the TCA salinity by 2%–4%. Mixing water from TCA and NSSA could be the best management of the water resources in Siwa Oasis, as well as the application of subsurface drip irrigation.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101124
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