Antistatic textiles: current status and future outlook

Abstract

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) poses increasing threats across sensitive sectors as electronic components become more delicate and newer ESD challenges emerge. ESD results from static charge accumulation on insulated surfaces that discharge suddenly when high electric fields cause dielectric breakdown of the air gap. Contact and separation of materials with different electron affinities causes charge transfer through the triboelectric effect, a primary ESD generator. Low humidity exacerbates ESD risks by preventing dissipation. ESD can permanently damage sensitive electronics like integrated circuits where voltage thresholds may be only 100V. Beyond electronics, ESD also threatens flammable industries by triggering fires and explosions, healthcare sectors through device interference, and aerospace systems by disrupting avionics. Antistatic apparel and protective equipment are critical for controlling ESD in sensitive environments. Ideal materials rapidly dissipate charges while limiting discharge energy. However, optimizing both rapid decay and reduced discharge sparks involves tradeoffs between conduction and insulation. Key factors influencing antistatic performance include fiber composition, grid spacing of conductive elements, fabric structure, and how conductive components are integrated. Traditional standardized tests like resistivity have limitations for modern non-homogeneous fabrics and real-world conditions. Application-specific evaluations are ideal. Translating technological innovations into expanded testing and implementation programs is essential for increasing global adoption. With coordinated efforts, these fabrics hold potential to mitigate escalating ESD risks amidst accelerating technological progress. The systematic literature review in this research focuses on constructions, technological elements and test methods to consider while constructing antistatic textiles.