Antimicrobial resistance at the human-animal-environment interface: Implications for global health and food security

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) undermines the efficacy of essential medicines and is amplified at the One Health interface, where human, animal, and environmental systems interact. Key drivers include antibiotic misuse, inadequate infection control, and environmental contamination. We assessed AMR transmission dynamics across the human–animal–environment interface and evaluated implications for global health and food security. This narrative review of peer-reviewed studies, policy documents, and global surveillance data was undertaken, incorporating case studies and best practices from international, regional, and national initiatives. Antimicrobial use in livestock, human healthcare, and environmental contamination from pharmaceutical and agricultural waste are major contributors to AMR. Resistant pathogens spread through direct contact, food supply chains, and water systems. Impacts include increased morbidity and mortality, restricted treatment options, reduced agricultural productivity, and trade barriers. Gaps persist in surveillance, regulation, stewardship, and public engagement. AMR at the One Health interface demands coordinated, multisectoral action. Enhanced surveillance, stricter antimicrobial regulation, research investment, and awareness campaigns are essential to safeguard health and food security.