article · Frontiers in Pharmacology
This review details the mechanisms of antibiotic action and the growing challenge of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics are widely used in human health, agriculture, livestock breeding, and fish farming, operating through four distinct mechanisms. However, bacteria have developed various defence mechanisms, rendering these drugs ineffective. The review explains these specific resistance mechanisms and how resistance can spread among bacteria, turning previously susceptible strains into resistant ones. It also highlights multiple factors contributing to the worsening crisis, including human misuse of antibiotics. Furthermore, the review explores alternative solutions proposed to mitigate the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance, providing a comprehensive overview of the current landscape.
Antibiotic resistance threatens our ability to treat common bacterial infections, impacting human health, food production, and animal welfare. Understanding how resistance develops and spreads, and exploring new solutions, is vital to preserving the effectiveness of these critical medicines for future generations.
This abstract describes a review of existing knowledge, including mechanisms of antibiotic action and resistance, factors influencing its spread, and alternative approaches. It does not indicate an application pathway, specific product, or readiness level. This research provides foundational knowledge for those developing new antimicrobial agents or strategies to combat resistance.
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Antibiotics represent a frequently employed therapeutic modality for the management of bacterial infections across diverse domains, including human health, agriculture, livestock breeding, and fish farming. The efficacy of antibiotics relies on four distinct mechanisms of action, which are discussed in detail in this review, along with accompanying diagrammatic illustrations. Despite their effectiveness, antibiotic resistance has emerged as a significant challenge to treating bacterial infections. Bacteria have developed defense mechanisms against antibiotics, rendering them ineffective. This review delves into the specific mechanisms that bacteria have developed to resist antibiotics, with the help of diagrammatic illustrations. Antibiotic resistance can spread among bacteria through various routes, resulting in previously susceptible bacteria becoming antibiotic-resistant. Multiple factors contribute to the worsening crisis of antibiotic resistance, including human misuse of antibiotics. This review also emphasizes alternative solutions proposed to mitigate the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance.
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DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305294
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