Anatomists' experience and perspectives on the international transfer of human remains for the purpose of education

Abstract

Anecdotally, educational institutions without access to human remains may choose to import these from other countries; however, there is currently no published information illuminating the existence of this trade. This study therefore aimed to document the nature of international transfer of human remains for education, and explore anatomists' perspectives toward the practice. Between September and December 2024, a 16-item on-line survey including questions (multichoice, free-text) on importation practice and frequency, use, and ethical considerations around the international trade of human remains in education was distributed internationally through anatomy associations and word-of-mouth. Following data curation, 183 responses were analyzed. Few (15%) stated importation to their institution occurs, with such use being primarily for surgical device (42%) or clinical skills (37%) training. Several ethical concerns around importation were identified, including predominant themes "Consent and Authority" and "Ethical Supply and Use," which primarily concerned issues of informed consent and documented provenance. A peripheral theme of "Donor Recognition" was identified, highlighting issues where donor culture and/or religion was not congruent with those of the user. The theme "Perception of Risk" relayed ethical concerns around disease spread. Development of further guidance was suggested around professional standards and international regulations for transfer of human remains, and increased discussion surrounding potential ethical issues. Findings suggest additional work is needed to address several issues around the international transfer of human remains for education, including raising awareness of ethical issues, development and communication of improved standards for organizations transferring human remains, and supporting development of local body donation programs.