article · Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Simulations using SCAPS-1D across a broad frequency range from 10 to the power of minus 2 Hz to 10 to the power of 12 Hz provide new insights into lead-free perovskite solar cells based on a novel heterostructure. The analysis focuses on optimizing the thickness of the MASnI3 absorber layer alongside the effects of series and shunt resistances. Current-voltage assessments show that optimal power conversion efficiency is achieved at an absorber thickness of 0.6 micrometres. High series resistance reduces the fill factor and power efficiency, whereas higher shunt resistance improves both metrics. Alternating current impedance and modulus analyses identify essential ionic transport, recombination, and diffusion mechanisms. An equivalent circuit model validates the parameters, including time constants for each process, showing that balancing ionic conductivity and electronic diffusion is essential for minimizing recombination losses.
Lead-free perovskite materials offer a non-toxic alternative for next-generation solar energy devices. Understanding how internal electrical resistances and layer thicknesses govern charge transport helps engineers design more efficient cells. By modelling both direct and alternating current responses, this research clarifies how internal ionic and electronic movements limit or improve energy conversion.
This work represents early-stage simulation research aimed at informing the design of lead-free perovskite photovoltaics. Photovoltaic cell designers and device developers could use the equivalent circuit model and thickness parameters to guide physical prototyping and reduce trial-and-error manufacturing. However, the abstract indicates purely theoretical and simulation-based testing, placing the findings at a fundamental distance from actual market implementation.
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Abstract Several studies on solar cells using SCAPS-1D were conducted to investigate their performance, which are typically limited to I–V analysis for DC characterization. Therefore, in the present study, a very wide frequency range from 10 –2 Hz to 10 12 Hz was employed to explore diffusion processes and investigate the performance of lead-free Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) featuring as a novel heterostructure. These investigations concern the optimization of MASnI 3 thickness as an absorber. Additionally, the impact of series (Rs) and shunt (Rsh) resistances is also examined. From the I–V analysis, it was determined that the power efficiency (PCE) could be achieved at a thickness of 0.6 µm. Increasing the series resistance (Rs) led to a significant decrease in the fill factor (FF) and (PCE), whereas the shunt resistance (Rsh) demonstrated a notable improvement in both (FF) and (PCE). Analysis of AC characteristics revealed complex impedance (Z*) and modulus (M*) indicative of main ionic transport, recombination, and diffusion processes crucial for optimization. An appropriate equivalent circuit model was developed and validated through deconvolution and theoretical considerations, yielding parameters such as the time constant for each process. It was observed that ionic conductivity and electronic diffusion play key roles in balancing charge collection and recombination losses. The critical influence of series and shunt resistance on low and high-frequency processes was emphasized, underscoring their significance in solar cell efficiency. A strong correlation was established between the evolution of time constants for each process and power conversion efficiency (PCE).
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DOI: 10.1007/s40243-024-00260-z
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