article · Frontiers in Plant Science
High temperatures during the reproductive stage present a major barrier to crop growth and yield. An evaluation of five Indian mustard varieties sown across three different dates revealed substantial changes in plant biochemistry due to temperature shifts. Delayed sowing triggered pronounced oxidative stress, evidenced by marked increases in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde concentrations. In response, plants activated protective mechanisms, significantly elevating antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase, alongside higher levels of soluble sugars, free amino acids, and proline for osmotic adjustment. Late planting also increased concentrations of fatty acids including palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids, which altered seed and oil quality. Among the evaluated varieties, RH-406 demonstrated the highest effectiveness for cultivation and environmental stress adaptation under tested field conditions.
Rising temperatures during critical crop growth stages threaten global food security by reducing agricultural yields and altering harvest quality. Identifying biochemical markers of heat tolerance and selecting robust crop varieties helps farmers manage planting schedules under changing climates. It also provides plant breeders with precise physiological traits to develop hardier crops capable of maintaining oil quality under thermal stress.
The findings are directly applicable to plant breeders and seed companies developing climate-resilient oilseed crops. The identified RH-406 variety provides ready germplasm for breeding programmes targeting heat-tolerant genotypes in stress-prone environments. Because the research was conducted in field conditions across multiple seasons, the agronomic insights into optimal sowing dates and the identified variety represent applied knowledge close to operational deployment by agricultural extension services and commercial growers.
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The impact of elevated temperature at the reproductive stage of a crop is one of the critical limitations that influence crop growth and productivity globally. This study was aimed to reveal how sowing time and changing field temperature influence on the regulation of oxidative stress indicators, antioxidant enzymes activity, soluble sugars (SS), and amino acids (AA) in Indian Mustard. The current study was carried out during the <i>rabi</i> 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 where, five varieties of mustard <i>viz</i>. Pusa Mustard 25 (PM-25) (V1), PM-26 (V2), BPR-541-4 (V3), RH-406 (V4), and Urvashi (V5) were grown under the field conditions on October 30 (normal sowing; S1), November 18 (late sowing; S2) and November 30 (very late sowing; S3) situations. The S1 and S3 plants, at mid-flowering stage, showed a significant variation in accumulation of SS (8.5 and 17.3%), free AA (235.4 and 224.6%), and proline content (118.1 and 133%), respectively, and played a crucial role in the osmotic adjustment under stress. The results showed that S3 sowing, exhibited a significant induction of the hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) (110.2 and 86.6%) and malondialdehyde (23.5 and 47.5%) concentrations, respectively, which indicated the sign of oxidative stress in plants. Interestingly, the polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase enzyme activities were also significantly increased in S3 plants compared to S1 plants, indicating their significant roles in ameliorating the oxidative stress. Furthermore, the concentration of fatty acid levels such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids level also significantly increased in S3 plants, which influenced the seed and oil quality. The study suggests that the late sowing significantly impaired the biochemical mechanisms in Indian mustard. Further, the mustard variety V4 (RH-406) was found to be effective for cultivation as well as environmental stress adoption in Indian soils, and it could be highly useful in breeding for developing heat-tolerant genotypes for ensuring the food security.
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DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.875009
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