Advances in surface modifications of titanium and its alloys: implications for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications

Abstract

Abstract This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted applications of titanium and titanium alloys in pharmaceutical formulation development, emphasizing their unique properties and versatile roles in pharmaceutical research. Titanium's biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and structural integrity have positioned it as a promising material in drug delivery systems, implants, and diagnostic tools. The review examines historical applications, recent advancements, and cutting-edge innovations, with a focus on how titanium enhances drug efficacy, bioavailability, and personalized medicine. Looking toward the future, the review outlines potential transformative roles for titanium in medicinal chemistry innovation, highlighting emerging trends and technologies that are shaping the field. It delves into continuous innovations in titanium alloy technology, including advancements in alloy compositions and manufacturing processes to enhance mechanical, thermal, and corrosion-resistant properties. Furthermore, the review showcases a wide array of applications where titanium alloys excel, spanning aerospace, medical devices, and beyond. Real-world case studies underscore the practical impact of titanium alloys across diverse sectors. Anticipating future developments, the review discusses sustainability considerations, such as eco-friendly practices and recycling, alongside the integration of digital technologies like additive manufacturing and smart manufacturing processes. It also explores the expansion of titanium alloy applications into new frontiers driven by technological breakthroughs and interdisciplinary collaborations.