Advances in Surface Functionalization of Diatomite for Multidisciplinary Applications From Adsorption to Drug Delivery and Catalysis

Abstract

Diatomite, a naturally occurring porous silica-based material, has gained significant attention for its versatility in various applications. Surface modification of diatomite is crucial to enhance its physicochemical properties, compatibility, and performance in specific applications. This review explores recent advances in modifying diatomite surfaces through diverse techniques. A particular focus is placed on the functionalization using organosilanes, such as aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) and (phenyltriethoxysilane) PTES which introduces functional groups that improve chemical reactivity, hydrophobicity, or other targeted properties. Methods including grafting and coating, are discussed, highlighting their efficiency, simplicity, and impact on the structural integrity of diatomite. Applications in catalysis, adsorption, drug delivery, and environmental remediation are reviewed to emphasise the enhanced capabilities of modified diatomite.