review · Frontiers in Microbiology
Viral acute gastroenteritis is a major cause of global mortality, with severe outcomes particularly affecting young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Rapid and accurate diagnostics are critical for containing outbreaks and mitigating public health risks, especially as new, emergent, and divergent viruses appear. Diagnostic developments increasingly aim to satisfy the World Health Organization ASSURED criteria. Foundational assays like enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and polymerase chain reaction have underpinned newer diagnostic tools. These advancements include real-time reverse transcription PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, polymerase spiral reaction, biosensors, microarrays, and next-generation sequencing. Evaluating these methods highlights their specific operating features, operational advantages, and practical limitations for detecting enteric viruses in both laboratory settings and the field.
Diarrhoeal diseases caused by viral infections pose severe threats to vulnerable populations, including infants and older adults. Fast and reliable detection is vital to halt disease transmission and manage public health emergencies. Understanding the strengths and constraints of modern diagnostic tools helps healthcare systems select appropriate technologies to detect evolving viral threats effectively.
The work focuses on diagnostic technologies including biosensors, isothermal amplification methods such as LAMP and PSR, and sequencing for enteric virus detection. Intended users include diagnostic developers, clinical laboratories, and field healthcare workers seeking to meet WHO ASSURED criteria. The technologies discussed span various stages of maturity, ranging from established laboratory platforms to field-deployable tools, though the abstract does not report proprietary product trials or commercialisation timelines.
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The applications of correct diagnostic approaches play a decisive role in timely containment of infectious diseases spread and mitigation of public health risks. Nevertheless, there is a need to update the diagnostics regularly to capture the new, emergent, and highly divergent viruses. Acute gastroenteritis of viral origin has been identified as a significant cause of mortality across the globe, with the more serious consequences seen at the extremes of age groups (young and elderly) and immune-compromised individuals. Therefore, significant advancements and efforts have been put in the development of enteric virus diagnostics to meet the WHO ASSURED criteria as a benchmark over the years. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are the basic assays that provided the platform for development of several efficient diagnostics such as real-time RT-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), polymerase spiral reaction (PSR), biosensors, microarrays and next generation sequencing. Herein, we describe and discuss the applications of these advanced technologies in context to enteric virus detection by delineating their features, advantages and limitations.
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DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01957
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