article · Energy Reports
Electric vehicles provide a pathway to reduce transport emissions, driving rising demand for smaller, lighter batteries that deliver higher energy density and extended lifespans. While current vehicle batteries continue to improve in cost, safety, and range, alternative energy storage systems derived from abundant resources offer safer and less expensive options than standard lithium-ion technology. Metal-air batteries represent an alternative for electric mobility. Evaluating these systems requires examining critical parameters, including cycle capability, driving range, overall cost, operational lifespan, safety profiles, and charging and discharging rates. Addressing technical and commercial hurdles remains essential for their progression. Practical solutions are needed to overcome the specific constraints that presently hinder the development, scaling, and market adoption of electrically rechargeable metal-air systems for future transport applications.
Transitioning transport away from fossil fuels depends on batteries that are reliable, affordable, and safe. Exploring chemistries such as metal-air systems that draw on abundant resources could overcome resource limitations and safety concerns associated with conventional lithium-ion batteries, accelerating the adoption of clean vehicles and portable electronics.
The technology targets automotive manufacturers, transport providers, and the portable electronics sector seeking cheaper and safer energy storage alternatives to lithium-ion cells. Based on the review of impediments to market entry and ongoing discussions of potential solutions, electrically rechargeable metal-air batteries appear to be in an early to intermediate stage of research and development, requiring further engineering solutions before achieving commercial deployment.
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The automotive industry is one of the largest contributors to global emissions. However, pure electric vehicles that use energy stored in rechargeable battery packs are the panacea for the problems we face right now in alleviating climate change resulting from conventional fuel combustion. The demand for portable electronics and electric vehicles has increased, requiring newer, smaller, and lighter batteries with longer lifespans, higher energy densities, and overall improved battery performance. Efforts are being made to improve the performance of electric vehicle batteries, which have shown promise in alleviating consumer concerns about range anxiety and safety. This demonstrates that the electric vehicle market will continue to be very dynamic in the coming decades, with costs continuing to fall. However, developing advanced energy storage technologies that are cheaper and safer than lithium-ion batteries from more abundant resources is a viable option for future mobility and product sustainability. The current state of metal-air battery applications for electric mobility is summarized in this paper. All aspects of cycle capability, range, cost, service life, safety, discharge, and charging rate are investigated. Factors impeding the further development and marketing of these technologies, as well as potential solutions, are also discussed.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.egyr.2023.12.067
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