Addressing emerging contaminants in agriculture affecting plant–soil interaction: a review on bio-based and nano-enhanced strategies for soil health and global food security (GFS)

Abstract

Abstract The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in global food security, yet its heavy reliance on chemical inputs has led to a rise in emerging contaminants in modern agroecosystems. This review critically examines the impacts of these contaminants on soil health, plant-soil interactions, and agricultural productivity. We highlight how xenobiotic compounds from pesticides, herbicides, antibiotics, and fertilizers disrupt nutrient cycling and soil microbial communities. Key contaminant classes, including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and industrial pollutants, were discussed alongside their specific effects on soil ecosystems. Additionally, this review also explores innovative bio-based and nano-enhanced remediation strategies, such as rhizosphere microbiome management and nano-biofertilizers, which show promise in mitigating contaminant impacts. Despite these advancements, challenges persist in regulatory frameworks, technology adoption, and education. To address theses issues, we propose a holistic approach integrating research, policy, and stakeholder engagement. Our findings highlight the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices that prioritize soil health and ecosystem integrity to ensure long-term food security. Graphical Abstract