review · Journal of environmental chemical engineering
Rapid industrial growth and urban expansion have increased the release of hazardous and lethal gases, driving demand for sensitive, selective monitoring tools. Indium oxide has drawn substantial interest for gas sensing because of its stability, sensitivity, and selectivity under typical environmental conditions. Hydrothermal synthesis represents the most common preparation technique for these materials. However, a major hurdle over recent years is that most developed sensors require high operating temperatures, leading to long-term stability drift and hindering commercial uptake. Doping indium oxide with noble metals offers a promising route to room-temperature operation. Such improvements could enable the transition toward intelligent, self-powered sensing systems, including devices integrated with smartphones and Bluetooth modules for wireless gas monitoring, Internet of Things networks, and machine learning applications.
Harmful industrial emissions threaten public health and the environment. Gas sensors made with indium oxide offer strong detection capabilities, but existing designs often need high heat to operate, causing reliability problems. Overcoming this barrier to achieve room-temperature sensing is essential for creating durable, portable monitors that integrate into everyday digital devices like smartphones to track air quality continuously.
The work highlights applications in wireless air monitoring, the Internet of Things, and smartphone-integrated environmental sensing. Potential users include industrial safety operators and technology developers creating connected consumer devices. Currently, the technology appears to be at an early stage of development, as high operating temperatures and long-term stability drift have prevented wide commercialisation, though noble metal doping presents a promising pathway forward.
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The advancement of industry and the hastening of urbanization have led to serious problems associated with the emanation of various harmful and lethal gases, which are a threat to humankind. Therefore, the fabrication of highly sensitive and selective sensors for monitoring these gases is desirable. Due to its stability, sensitivity, and selectivity in the general environment, indium oxide (In2O3) has attracted considerable attention for gas sensing. Thus, the current review discusses the latest research made over the last five years on In2O3-based gas sensors. The influence of environmental pollutants, such as VOCs, NOX, CO, O3, NH3, and SO2 on the environment and human life were discussed. Among the synthesis methods, the hydrothermal approach has been the most used for the preparation of sensors based on In2O3. The drawbacks and challenges linked with the In2O3 sensors for the last five (5) years, showed that most of the sensors have been functioning at higher temperatures. This has led to a lack of commercialization because of reliability issues associated with the long-term stability drift. So far, noble metals doped-In2O3 sensors have shown promising advantages for room temperature operation, which could be useful for reaching the next generation of intelligent gas sensors from micro/nanomaterials to the era of self-powered, artificially intelligent system and their integration on smartphones. Thus, In2O3 gas sensors with Bluetooth modules can make it feasible to wirelessly monitor the concentration of different gases without the need for an external power source and transmit information via a smartphone. This would further be suitable in wireless signal detection, the Internet of Things, in data processing, particularly in machine learning, to aid in gas sensing.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.112144
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