A Review on Micronutrient Malnutrition in Pregnant Women and Children Under Five Years

Abstract

Inadequate micronutrient intake affects over 2 billion people globally, with pregnant women and children under five facing severe health consequences in low and middle-income countries. Global estimates indicate deficiency prevalences of 35% for zinc, 30% for iron, 25% for vitamin A, 20% for folate, and 15% for iodine among vulnerable populations. These deficiencies manifest as adverse pregnancy outcomes, including intrauterine growth restriction, preterm births, and maternal anemia, while children experience impaired cognitive development, compromised immunity, and stunted growth. Regional disparities show concentrated burden in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where over 40% of pregnant women and children are anemic. Multiple factors perpetuate these deficiencies, ranging from poor dietary diversity and increased physiological demands to chronic infections and socioeconomic limitations. Evidence from intervention studies show the effectiveness of multiple micronutrient supplementation in reducing low birth weight incidence by 12% and small-for-gestational-age births by 8%. Food fortification programs, particularly salt iodization, have achieved success in reducing iodine deficiency disorders in 120 countries. However, practical hurdles like inequitable access, fragmented supply chains, and limited program sustainability. Successful intervention outcomes depend on strengthened surveillance systems, enhanced cross-sectoral coordination, and community-centered delivery approaches, supported by adequate political commitment and sustainable funding mechanisms