article · Material Science Research India
Green synthesis provides simple, safe, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly techniques to produce metal and metal oxide nanoparticles by utilising bioactive compounds from plants, algae, fungi, and yeast. Biological production methods for copper and copper oxide nanoparticles represent economical alternatives compared to conventional approaches. These nanomaterials serve multiple functions across various sectors, including dietary additives, lubricant supplements, chemical sensors, and coating materials. Furthermore, copper and copper oxide nanoparticles demonstrate valuable utility in biotechnology, pharmaceutical formulations, cosmetics, energy systems, and catalysis. Key practical uses include antimicrobial treatments, photocatalytic processes, and the degradation of organic dyes. Understanding the characterisation methods and multifunctional capabilities of biologically synthesised copper-based nanoparticles supports their broader implementation in diverse technical and biomedical domains.
Conventional nanoparticle synthesis often relies on toxic chemicals and expensive processing conditions. Employing natural biological agents such as plants and fungi provides a cleaner, cost-effective route to manufacture copper-based nanomaterials. Because these particles are versatile enough to treat microbes, degrade industrial dyes, and function in energy and pharmaceutical systems, greener fabrication methods help lower environmental hazards across multiple manufacturing sectors.
The reviewed technologies could enable chemical, coating, and pharmaceutical manufacturers to produce copper and copper oxide nanoparticles via lower-cost biological routes. Potential end users include developers of antimicrobial treatments, water remediation systems, chemical sensors, and lubricant additives. Because the text synthesises existing characterisation techniques and diverse applied uses, the research indicates an intermediate stage between laboratory-proven green chemistry protocols and real-world industrial formulation.
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Green routes of synthesis are simple, safe, nontoxic and eco-friendly methods to synthesize nanoparticles of various metals and their oxides by the application of bioactive compounds of plants, algae, fungi, yeast, etc. Green engineered copper and copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu and CuO NPs) synthesis has been reported to be more economical and best alternative method among available methods. Cu and CuO NPs have been applied as dietary additives, lubricant supplements, chemical sensors, coating materials in addition to large number of biotechnological and pharmaceuticals applications. The present review aims to bring awareness about various aspects of biogenic synthesis of Cu and its oxide NPs for multifunctional applications and discusses their characterization techniques and applications in antimicrobial activity evaluation, photocatalysis, organic dye degradation, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, energy and catalysis.
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DOI: 10.13005/msri/150311
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