A review of infant apnea monitor design

Abstract

Apnea detection is critical to the management of infant apnea. Effective monitoring and management of apnea using apnea monitors is known to reduce complications and possible fatalities in infants. There is a need to determine the critical design considerations in apnea monitors. This article reviews the design and development of infant apnea monitors. We conducted a targeted literature review from different databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. We reviewed articles published between January 1995 and February 2023. The search was done using combinations of key terms, namely, “apnea,” “apnea monitors,” and “apnea monitor design.” Articles that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and analyzed. The review investigated common physiological parameters, sensor types, and validation results of apnea monitors. The review revealed important design considerations adopted in the literature as well as the different sensor types and methods of apnea detection. It was found that thoracic impedance pneumography, thermistors, respiratory inductance plethysmography, pneumotachograph, and MEMS accelerometer are the most common sensor types used to design apnea monitors. The review revealed that most apnea monitors were designed to measure multiple physiological parameters. Device validation results varied from one device to another, with sensitivity and specificity metrics ranging between 80% and 96%. With the high burden of infant apnea in developing countries and its associated mortality and morbidity, the design of functional infant apnea monitors has become increasingly important to complement the expensive and complex polysomnography technique. Therefore, we must use appropriate sensors and design approaches for effective detection of infant apnea.