article · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
Synchronous alternators are vulnerable to loss of excitation, an event that can cause severe equipment damage and power system instability. Distinguishing between genuine loss of excitation and stable power swings typically suffers from operational time delays, which slow down existing protection schemes. To address this limitation, a protective technique has been created using the first derivative of the equivalent power factor angle, calculated from direct-quadrature axis three-phase voltage and current values. This method shortens the detection duration required to identify loss of excitation events. The algorithm was evaluated through extensive simulation scenarios in MATLAB/Simulink across various generator operating states, including full-load conditions, sudden variations in load, and three-phase faults with differing durations and locations. The simulation findings demonstrate that the technique successfully differentiates between stable power swings and loss of excitation.
Power plants rely on synchronous generators to produce electricity steadily. When these machines experience a loss of excitation, delayed responses can damage critical infrastructure and disrupt wider electrical grids. Developing detection techniques that quickly and accurately separate real faults from harmless power swings helps maintain grid stability and prevents costly generator damage.
This protective algorithm could be implemented by electrical protection equipment manufacturers and power grid operators to enhance generator protective relays. Because the performance and relay settings have been validated only through MATLAB/Simulink simulations under various operational conditions, the technology currently represents early-stage, simulation-tested research that requires physical hardware testing before commercial deployment.
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Loss of excitation (LOE) is one of the most important issues of synchronous alternators, which may be a source of genuine harms and could lead to power system instability. The principle issue to recognize LOE and stable power swing (SPS) is the time delay, which is a primary segment of the recognition time in all ongoing promise strategies. This paper introduces an effective scheme based on the first derivative of equivalent power factor angle (EPFA) of 3-phase voltage and current quantities in the direct-quadrature axis, to detect the LOE. The new algorithm, based on EPFA, is developed to reduce the required time of LOE recognition scheme. Comprehensive simulation studies are accomplished using MATLAB/Simulink as a robust simulation tool for various generator conditions such as full load and sudden load changes in addition to 3-phase faults with different location and duration times. The relay setting is determined and the algorithm performance is evaluated depending on various scenarios in power system. The simulated study results confirm that the proposed method can discriminate SPS from LOE conditions under different modes of operations.
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DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2021.3087538
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