article · Scientific Reports
Integrating distributed energy resources into conventional distribution grids supports decarbonisation, but it also creates voltage violations and feeder congestion. A probabilistic multi-objective optimisation framework was developed to address these issues in Egyptian networks. Tested on an IEEE 33-bus system using the Two-Point Estimation Method and the NSGA-II algorithm, the model evaluates technical, economic, environmental, and social outcomes under uncertainty. The findings show that sizing distributed energy resources alone cannot resolve grid stability issues without dedicated reactive power planning. Across five strategies, a hybrid setup combining inverters and distribution static synchronous compensators delivered the best results. This approach achieved an improved voltage profile of 0.975 per unit, generated 61,900 dollars in annual loss savings, and reduced grid dependency to 22 per cent, while also creating 52 full-time equivalent jobs per megawatt despite requiring higher upfront capital.
Adding renewable energy to traditional power grids often causes technical instability and power losses. This research provides a planning framework that balances technical stability, costs, emissions, and job creation. It offers distribution planners and policymakers in emerging economies practical evidence on how to combine network equipment to stabilise local grids and reduce reliance on central electricity networks while scaling up clean energy.
The framework serves as a decision-support tool for electricity network planners, distribution operators, and energy policymakers evaluating grid investments in Egypt and comparable emerging economies. It directly guides capital allocation for inverters and D-STATCOM hardware. As the findings are based on simulation across an IEEE 33-bus test system, the tool currently represents early-stage applied research requiring further demonstration on live operational networks.
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The integration of high-penetration Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into conventional grids is pivotal for de-carbonization but introduces significant stability challenges. This study addresses voltage violations and feeder congestion in Egyptian distribution networks using a probabilistic four-dimensional multi-objective optimization framework that supports Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and 13 (Climate Action). The methodology combines the Two-Point Estimation Method (2PEM) for uncertainty quantification with the NSGA-II algorithm to optimize technical, economic, environmental, and social objectives for an IEEE 33-bus test system. Results demonstrate that optimal DER sizing alone is insufficient and that dedicated reactive power planning is essential. Among five evaluated planning strategies, a hybrid configuration of inverters and D-STATCOMs delivers superior performance. This optimal scenario achieves the best voltage profile (0.975 p.u.), the highest annual loss savings ($61,900), and creates 52 per MW at full-time equivalent jobs, thereby advancing SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) while reducing grid dependency to 22%. Although it requires a higher initial investment, its techno-economic and social benefits justify adoption for strengthening modern grids. The study provides a critical decision-support framework for policymakers to enhance the resilience and sustainability of renewable-integrated power systems in Egypt and similar emerging economies.
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DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-66944-w
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