A Narrative Review to Explore Serpina3n, Nppa, and Anxa1 Proteins: Promising Cardiac Biomarkers for Myocadiac Infarction

Abstract

Structural proteins are essential for preserving the shape and functionality of the heart muscle because of their fibrous nature and repeating amino acid sequence, forming stable structures. The sarcomere is the fundamental unit of muscle contraction, primarily composed of structural proteins like troponin, myosin, actin, and titin. An intracellular cascade that upsets calcium homeostasis and activates proteolytic enzymes, which break down these vital structural proteins, is set off by an oxygen shortage during a myocardial infarction. Ischemia, or low blood flow to the heart, is a condition that compromises oxygen and nutrition-dependent cellular functions. Emerging cardiac biomarkers for myocardial infarction MI, include proteins viz, serpina3n, Nppa, and Anxa1. Therefore, this review explores their roles for clinical use and advantages over common cardiac biomarkers for MI. Traditional biomarkers like troponins and creatine kinase-MB are widely used but have limitations, due to delayed elevation or specificity issues. Recent reports have identified Serpina3n as a valuable biomarker for MI. Anxa1 is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, and Nppa is a peptide hormone primarily secreted in response to atrial stretch and increased blood volume. Further research is needed to explore the roles of these structural proteins in the diagnosis of cardiac injuries.