article · International Journal of Thermofluids
This review consolidates research from more than fifty studies on natural convection within trapezoidal cavities utilising mono- and hybrid nanofluids. The geometry of trapezoidal cavities encourages asymmetric flow patterns that improve thermal management when compared to traditional shapes. Incorporating inclined walls helps lessen stagnant flow regions, with performance depending on cavity aspect ratios and nanoparticle concentrations. Across the evaluated literature, hybrid nanofluids such as copper-aluminium oxide in water consistently exceed the performance of mono nanofluids, yielding Nusselt number improvements greater than 20 percent. While external influences such as magnetic fields and porous media can also adjust heat transfer, practical implementations face trade-offs between increased thermal conductivity and heightened fluid viscosity. The findings provide an optimisation framework aimed at supporting industrial adoption.
Efficient cooling and heat dispersion are critical for managing modern machinery and energy systems. By understanding how fluid composition and specific chamber shapes interact to move heat naturally without mechanical pumps, engineers can design more effective, reliable thermal management systems for everyday technologies such as solar collectors and computer hardware.
The reviewed concepts target thermal management applications such as solar absorbers and electronic cooling. System designers and hardware manufacturers could use the optimisation framework to improve device cooling. Because the work is a review synthesising over fifty previous studies to establish performance trends and trade-offs, it represents early-stage to applied engineering research that requires tailored design and testing before industrial deployment.
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This review synthesises advancements in natural convection within trapezoidal cavities using mono- and hybrid nanofluids, emphasising their geometric advantages for thermal management. Trapezoidal cavities promote asymmetric flow patterns that enhance heat transfer compared to conventional geometries, as demonstrated in applications like solar absorbers and electronic cooling. Through analysis of 50+ previous studies, the review identifies key trends: Hybrid nanofluids like Cu-Al₂O₃/water consistently outperform mono nanofluids in Nusselt number improvement, with gains exceeding 20 %. Inclined walls mitigate stagnant flow zones, though exact reduction rates vary with aspect ratio and nanoparticle concentration. Magnetic fields and porous media further modulate thermal performance, but trade-offs emerge between conductivity enhancement and viscosity penalties. This review provides a framework to optimise trapezoidal cavities with nanofluids for industrial deployment.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.ijft.2025.101226
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