article · Blockchains
Electronic voting systems often struggle with vulnerabilities in voter accreditation, including identity fraud, centralised database tampering, and equipment failures. To address these issues, a blockchain-based bimodal voter accreditation system integrates facial and fingerprint recognition with a private Ethereum blockchain and standard cryptographic methods. Designed to run on accessible hardware, the system was prototyped using a Raspberry Pi 5 as an embedded processing platform. Experimental testing showed high authentication performance, with fingerprint recognition achieving 97.8 percent average accuracy and facial recognition reaching 95.1 percent. Storage overhead grew near-linearly with transaction volume, fitting theoretical expectations for distributed ledgers. The platform also maintained an operational uptime exceeding 95 percent during evaluation, showing reliable transaction processing and tamper-resistant record management suitable for transparent voter accreditation.
Elections require robust public trust, yet conventional voter accreditation remains prone to centralised tampering and identity fraud. By combining two distinct biometric checks with decentralised ledger technology, this approach ensures accreditation records cannot be secretly altered or wiped. Demonstrating this architecture on low-cost computing hardware also shows that secure, auditable electoral systems can be deployed without prohibitive infrastructure expenses.
This research is at an applied and experimentally tested stage, having been evaluated as a hardware and software prototype on a single-board computer. Potential adopters include electoral management bodies and commercial vendors supplying electronic voting hardware. Commercialisation would require expanding testing beyond controlled experimental setups to full election pilot environments, alongside addressing scalability requirements for large electorates and formal compliance with regional election security regulations.
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Despite significant advances in electronic voting technologies, voter accreditation in many electoral systems remains vulnerable to identity fraud, database tampering, equipment failure, and centralized security breaches. Existing accreditation solutions often rely on single-modal biometric authentication and centralized architectures, limiting their robustness, transparency, and public trust. This paper proposes a Blockchain-based Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (Block-BVAS), together with a practical framework for its deployment in electronic voting systems. The proposed system integrates multimodal biometric authentication using facial and fingerprint recognition with a private Ethereum blockchain and conventional cryptographic mechanisms to provide secure, tamper-resistant, and auditable voter accreditation to provide secure, decentralized, and tamper-resistant voter accreditation. A Raspberry Pi 5 serves as the embedded processing platform, demonstrating the feasibility of implementing the framework on cost-effective hardware. By combining distributed-ledger technology with encrypted biometric verification, the proposed architecture enhances the integrity, confidentiality, and immutability of election-related records while addressing limitations associated with single-factor authentication and conventional centralized record management. Experimental evaluation of the biometric authentication module performed effectively, with fingerprint recognition achieving an average authentication accuracy (AA) of 97.8% and facial recognition averaging 95.1%. The blockchain storage overhead (BSO) displayed a near-linear growth pattern relative to the number of transactions, consistent with theoretical expectations for blockchain architectures. Reliability analysis indicated system uptime exceeding 95%, with only minimal operational failures recorded during the test period. This blockchain implementation further demonstrated reliable transaction processing and secure record management, indicating the effectiveness of the proposed Block-BVAS in enhancing the security, transparency, and trustworthiness of electronic voter accreditation.
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DOI: 10.3390/blockchains4030014
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