review · ESMO Open
Bladder cancer, the most common malignancy of the urinary tract, is divided into non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy is the standard treatment for high-risk NMIBC, but recurrence and progression remain significant challenges. This review aims to explore immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly pembrolizumab, as emerging therapies for BCG-unresponsive NMIBC.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2025.104218
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